Small and large scale segmental motion in polymers: estimating cooperativity length by ordinary relaxation experiments

We derive a suitable expression for estimating the size of the cooperatively rearranging regions (CRRs) in supercooled polymer melts by fitting data worked out by ordinary relaxation experiments carried out in isothermal conditions. As an example, the average CRR size in poly(n‐butyl methacrylate) in proximity to the glass transition temperature is derived from a stress relaxation experiment performed by means of an atomic force microscopy setup. Good agreement is found with results in the literature derived from measurements of temperature fluctuations (the so‐called Donth method). The temperature dependence of the CRR size is explored for poly(butadiene); in this case the segmental relaxation function is derived through a novel method for the analysis of the efficiency with which free induction decay echoes are refocused in ¹H NMR experiments. It is found that the CRR size increases upon cooling. The results derived from the analysis of the NMR data are found to be in satisfactory agreement with those worked out from broadband dielectric spectroscopy data in the literature. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry     

基体稀释或基体匹配石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定土壤样品中铅和镉

用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定土壤样品中Pb和Cd时,有时候直接按照方法标准GB/T 17141—1997操作,测定结果不能满足质控要求。研究结果表明,目标元素系列标准溶液中,分别含和不含土壤基体元素Na、Mg、Al、Si、Fe、Ca等元素混合成分时,校准曲线斜率明显不同。为减小基体效应的影响,基于文献调研和实验结果,对上述方法标准实验步骤进行了下列改进:(1)取相同体积实际样品消解液混合后,定量加入到用于建立校准曲线的系列标准溶液中,用于基体匹配;(2)对消解液进行适度稀释,仍采用标准溶液建立校准曲线。用4个土壤标样和土壤样品加标测定结果对改进后的方法进行了验证,结果表明,基体稀释法测定Pb的回收率范围分别为90.4%~114%;测定低含量Cd时,回收率范围为84.1%~125%。基体匹配法测定Pb和Cd的回收率范围分别为93.0%~105%和102%~119%,基本满足土壤样品中重金属回收率为80%~120%的质控要求。样品中痕量镉在测定下限附近时,应严格控制稀释倍数,或采用基体匹配法测定。改进后的操作步骤适合日常检测工作中大批量土壤样品中Pb和Cd的准确测定。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定钒钛磁铁矿中锌

钒钛磁铁矿中含有一定量的锌,在高炉冶炼过程中,锌被还原成金属锌,而金属锌会侵蚀炉体的耐火材料,因此在钒钛磁铁矿冶炼中锌是一种有害元素,需要对进入炉体中锌的含量进行严格控制。试样采用盐酸-硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸体系溶解,选择Zn 206.200nm作为分析谱线,采用基体匹配法绘制校准曲线消除基体效应的影响,使用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定钒钛磁铁矿中锌。锌含量为0.01%~0.05%(质量分数)时与其发射强度呈线性,相关系数为0.9999;方法检出限为0.0030μg/mL。按照实验方法测定两个钒钛磁铁矿样品中锌,结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=10)小于1%;加标回收率为98%~102%。     

火花放电原子发射光谱仪分析高含量硅时校准曲线的扩展与应用

火花放电原子发射光谱仪分析高含量Si(w(Si)≥3.0%)时,其元素含量已超出了校准曲线的线性范围,导致分析值偏低。实验通过增加中低合金钢、硅钢标准样品,完善并扩展了Si校准曲线,完成了共存元素的干扰校正,拓宽了Si元素的分析范围,质量分数上限由3.14%扩展至4.16%,线性相关系数达0.99965。校准曲线扩展后重新选择标准化样品进行漂移校正,校准曲线强度比由9.41扩展至11.01。对扩展含量段的两个样品(w(Si)≥3.0%)进行精密度考察,结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=10)为0.43%和0.50%;对比了8个不同Si含量的样品,发现完善、扩展后校准曲线的Si测定值与认定值更相符;同时统计过程控制(SPC)控制图处于受控状态。可见校准曲线经完善、扩展后可满足工艺过程控制和成品分析要求。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定钛及钛合金中铬和铜

铬、铜含量影响钛及钛合金组织结构和性能,须对其准确测定。采用硫酸-硝酸溶样体系溶解样品,选择Cr 267.716nm、Cu 327.393nm为分析线并采用两点校正法扣除背景,使用钛基体匹配的方法绘制校准曲线,使用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定钛及钛合金中铬和铜。方法中各元素校准曲线线性良好,相关系数均大于0.999;检出限为0.04~6.0μg/g。按照实验方法测定3个钛及钛合金样品中铬和铜,结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=10)小于5%。按照实验方法测定5个钛合金标准物质中铬和铜,测定结果与认定值相吻合,分析误差在实验室允许的误差范围内。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法在钒钛磁铁矿中钒化学物相分析中的应用

钒钛磁铁矿中钒的化学物相分析一般测定硫化物中钒、钛磁铁矿中钒、硅酸盐中钒和钛铁矿中钒共4项。其中硫化物中钒利用强氧化剂分离,钛磁铁矿中钒利用其强磁性磁选分离,硅酸盐中钒利用氟化铵-硝酸分离,最后从残渣中得到钛铁矿中钒,使用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定钒。试验对钒钛磁铁矿中钒的相态划分进行了统一,对各相态浸取溶剂进行选择及优化,确定分析谱线并计算检出限。按照实验方法测定3个矿区钒钛磁铁矿中总量钒和各相态钒,总量钒和钛磁铁矿中钒的测定结果与分光光度法测定值相一致;各相态钒测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=12)大部分在5%以内。各相态钒加和与总量钒进行比较,相对偏差在5%以内,满足《地质矿产实验室测试质量管理规范》要求。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定土壤中8种组分

为满足土地质量调查的需求,实现土壤中多组分的同时消解及准确测定,提高大批量样品的分析效率,建立了土壤样品经高压密闭消解后,采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定K₂O、Na₂O、CaO、MgO、Ba、Mn、Cu、Zn的方法。通过对消解体系、酸用量、消解温度等方面的考察,确定最佳实验条件;并对待测液中共存元素Al、Fe的干扰进行探讨,两者均不干扰测定。各组分校准曲线线性相关系数均大于0.999;检出限为0.01~10μg/g。实验方法用于测定土壤标准样品GBW07385、GBW07386、GBW07388中K₂O、Na₂O、CaO、MgO、Ba、Mn、Cu、Zn,测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=12)为1.1%~4.3%,相对误差RE为-4.0%~4.6%。采用实验方法对土壤实际样品中K₂O、Na₂O、CaO、MgO、Ba、Mn、Cu、Zn进行测定,结果的RSD(n=6)为1.2%~4.6%;并与地矿行业标准方法DZ/T 0279.2—2016测定结果进行比对,测得结果基本一致。     

Simultaneously determination of methyl and inorganic mercury in fish species by cold vapour generation atomic absorption spectrometry

A simple and rapid non-chromatographic method was developed to determine methylmercury (MeHg) and inorganic mercury (iHg) levels in muscles tissues of 10 freshwater fish species. The MeHg and iHg were determined by cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry after alkaline wet digestion of samples. The digested samples were reduced sequentially with stannous chloride and sodium tetrahydroborate for iHg and MeHg, respectively. Parameters such as carrier gas flow rate (argon), volume of oxidizing and potassium persulphate solutions were investigated in detail. The accuracy of the technique was evaluated by using certified reference material (DORM-2) and spiking the both Hg species in muscles tissue of a fish. The limits of detection were 0.117 and 0.133 μg kg⁻¹ for MeHg and iHg, respectively. The concentrations of MeHg and iHg in muscles tissues of ten fish species were found in the range of (28.4–56.3) and (3.01–8.11) μg kg⁻¹, respectively.